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āϜ্āĻžাāύ āĻĒāĻĨিāĻ• āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻļুāĻ­েāϚ্āĻ›া

Greetings from GANPOTIK

🏛️ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϰিāϟ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞাāϰ āφāĻĻ্āϝোāĻĒ্āϰাāύ্āϤ

 


🏛️  āĻāĻ•āϟি āϰিāϟ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞাāϰ āφāĻĻ্āϝোāĻĒ্āϰাāύ্āϤ


āĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•া

āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ—āĻŖāϤাāύ্āϤ্āϰিāĻ• āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰ āϝেāĻ–াāύে āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āύাāĻ—āϰিāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ• āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াāϰ āϏুāϰāĻ•্āώাāϰ āύিāĻļ্āϚ⧟āϤা āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ে। āϤāĻŦে āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦে āĻ…āύেāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āύাāĻ—āϰিāĻ•েāϰা āĻĒ্āϰāĻļাāϏāύিāĻ• āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ, āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰি āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāĻ•āϰ্āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāĻ•াāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻ•িংāĻŦা āφāχāύāĻ—āϤ āϜāϟিāϞāϤাāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াāϰ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦāĻž্āϚিāϤ āĻšāύ। āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĒāϰিāϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāϤে āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ ā§§ā§Ļ⧍ āĻ…āύুāϚ্āĻ›েāĻĻে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāϤ্āϤ āϰিāϟ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞা āĻšāϞো āύাāĻ—āϰিāĻ•েāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϏāĻŦāϚে⧟ে āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āφāχāύি āĻ…āϏ্āϤ্āϰ। āϰিāϟ āĻļুāϧু āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŽাāĻŽāϞা āύ⧟, āĻŦāϰং āĻāϟি āĻšāϞো āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāϤ্āϤ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াāϰ—āϝাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āύাāĻ—āϰিāĻ• āϏāϰাāϏāϰি āĻšাāχāĻ•োāϰ্āϟ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—ে āĻ—িāϝ়ে āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻ•াāϰ āϚাāχāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύ।


āϰিāϟেāϰ āϏংāϜ্āĻžা

āϰিāϟ (Writ) āĻšāϞো āĻāĻ• āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻŦিāϚাāϰিāĻ• āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāύা, āϝা āωāϚ্āϚ āφāĻĻাāϞāϤ āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āĻ•োāύো āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāĻ•াāĻŖ্āĻĄ, āĻĒ্āϰāĻļাāϏāύিāĻ• āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āĻŦা āύিāĻŽ্āύ āφāĻĻাāϞāϤেāϰ āφāĻĻেāĻļ āĻĒāϰ্āϝাāϞোāϚāύা āĻ•āϰে āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ, āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻŦা āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻŽূāϞāϤ āϰিāϟ āĻšāϞো āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ• āφāχāύি āĻšাāϤি⧟াāϰ āϝা āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াāϰ āϰāĻ•্āώা⧟ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ।


āϰিāϟেāϰ āϧāϰāĻŖ

āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļে āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻ“ āφāχāύেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ–্āϝা āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী āϰিāϟ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻĒাঁāϚ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āĻšā§Ÿ—

  1. āĻšেāĻŦি⧟াāϏ āĻ•āϰāĻĒাāϏ (Habeas Corpus)

    • āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ: “āĻĻেāĻš āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻ•āϰ।”

    • āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ: āĻŦেāφāχāύি āφāϟāĻ• āĻŦা āĻšেāĻĢাāϜāϤ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤি।

    • āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻ•াāωāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻŦৈāϧāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ—্āϰেāĻĒ্āϤাāϰ āĻ•āϰে āĻĻীāϰ্āϘ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āφāϟāĻ• āϰাāĻ–া āĻšāϞে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰ āϰিāϟ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।

  2. āĻŽ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄাāĻŽাāϏ (Mandamus)

    • āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ: “āφāĻŽāϰা āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻĻিāϚ্āĻ›ি।”

    • āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ: āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰি āĻ•āϰ্āϤৃāĻĒāĻ•্āώ āϤাāϰ āφāχāύাāύুāĻ— āĻĻা⧟িāϤ্āĻŦ āĻĒাāϞāύ āύা āĻ•āϰāϞে āφāĻĻাāϞāϤ āĻ•āϰ্āϤৃāĻĒāĻ•্āώāĻ•ে āĻĻা⧟িāϤ্āĻŦ āĻĒাāϞāύেāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻĻে⧟।

  3. āϏাāϰ্āϟিāĻ“āϰাāϰি (Certiorari)

    • āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ: āύিāĻŽ্āύ āφāĻĻাāϞāϤ āĻŦা āĻ•āϰ্āϤৃāĻĒāĻ•্āώ āĻ­ুāϞāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ•োāύো āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āύিāϞে āϤা āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻŦা āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āĻ•āϰা।

  4. āĻĒ্āϰোāĻšিāĻŦিāĻļāύ (Prohibition)

    • āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ: āĻ•োāύো āĻ•āϰ্āϤৃāĻĒāĻ•্āώāĻ•ে āĻŦেāφāχāύি āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•্āώেāĻĒ āύেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦিāϰāϤ āϰাāĻ–া।

  5. āĻ•ো⧟ো āĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰাāύ্āϟো (Quo Warranto)

    • āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ: “āĻ•োāύো āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤাāϰ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāϤে?”

    • āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ: āϝāĻĻি āĻ•েāω āĻŦেāφāχāύিāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ•োāύো āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰি āĻĒāĻĻে āĻŦāϏে āĻĨাāĻ•ে, āϤাāĻ•ে āϚ্āϝাāϞেāĻž্āϜ āĻ•āϰা।


āϰিāϟ āĻĻাāϝ়েāϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰিāϝ়া

āϰিāϟ āĻĻাāϝ়েāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞা āĻĻা⧟েāϰ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻŽāϤো āύ⧟; āĻāϟি āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟া।

  1. āφāĻŦেāĻĻāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤুāϤ – āφāχāύāϜীāĻŦীāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻāĻ•āϟি āϞিāĻ–িāϤ āφāĻŦেāĻĻāύ āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ।

  2. āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĨāĻŽিāĻ• āĻļুāύাāύি – āĻšাāχāĻ•োāϰ্āϟ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ— āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽে āĻĻেāĻ–ে āφāĻŦেāĻĻāύāϟি āĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖāϝোāĻ—্āϝ āĻ•ি āύা।

  3. āϰুāϞ āϜাāϰি – āφāĻĻাāϞāϤ āϏংāĻļ্āϞিāώ্āϟ āĻĒāĻ•্āώāĻ•ে āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāϰ্āĻļাāύোāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻĻে⧟।

  4. āĻļুāύাāύি āĻ“ āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύ – āφāĻŦেāĻĻāύāĻ•াāϰী āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻĒāĻ•্āώ āϝুāĻ•্āϤি āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰেāύ।

  5. āϰা⧟ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ – āφāĻĻাāϞāϤ āϚূ⧜াāύ্āϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āĻĻে⧟।


āĻšাāχāĻ•োāϰ্āϟ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—েāϰ āĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•া

āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻšাāχāĻ•োāϰ্āϟ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ— āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ ā§§ā§Ļ⧍ āĻ…āύুāϚ্āĻ›েāĻĻ āĻ…āύুāϏাāϰে āϰিāϟ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞাāϰ āĻŽূāϞ āĻŦিāϚাāϰāĻ•। āϤাঁāϰা āύাāĻ—āϰিāĻ•েāϰ āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ• āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াāϰ āϰāĻ•্āώা, āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰী⧟ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤাāϰ āĻ…āĻĒāĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϰোāϧ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒ্āϰāĻļাāϏāύিāĻ• āϜāĻŦাāĻŦāĻĻিāĻšিāϤা āύিāĻļ্āϚিāϤ āĻ•āϰেāύ।


āφāĻĒীāϞ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—েāϰ āĻ­ূāĻŽিāĻ•া

āϝāĻĻি āĻšাāχāĻ•োāϰ্āϟ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—েāϰ āϰা⧟ে āĻ•োāύো āĻĒāĻ•্āώ āĻ…āϏāύ্āϤুāώ্āϟ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻŦে āϤা āφāĻĒীāϞ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—ে āϚ্āϝাāϞেāĻž্āϜ āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟। āφāĻĒীāϞ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ— āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āϏāϰ্āĻŦোāϚ্āϚ āφāĻĻাāϞāϤ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻšাāχāĻ•োāϰ্āϟেāϰ āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āĻĒāϰ্āϝাāϞোāϚāύা āĻ•āϰে āϚূ⧜াāύ্āϤ āϰা⧟ āĻĻে⧟। āĻ…āύেāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āφāĻĒীāϞ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ— āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āϰা⧟ āĻĻি⧟েāĻ›েāύ āϝা āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āφāχāύি āχāϤিāĻšাāϏে āĻĻৃāώ্āϟাāύ্āϤ āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ে।


āϜāύāϏ্āĻŦাāϰ্āĻĨে āϰিāϟ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞা (PIL)

āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļে āϰিāϟ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞা āĻļুāϧু āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āϏ্āĻŦাāϰ্āĻĨে āύ⧟, āĻŦāϰং āϜāύāϏ্āĻŦাāϰ্āĻĨে āĻĻাāϝ়েāϰ āĻ•āϰা āϝা⧟।

  • āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻĒāϰিāĻŦেāĻļ āϰāĻ•্āώা, āύāĻĻী āĻĻāĻ–āϞ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϰোāϧ, āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāύেāϰ āϏāĻ িāĻ• āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāĻ•্āϰāĻŽ āύিāĻļ্āϚিāϤ āĻ•āϰা।

  • PIL āϏāĻŽাāϜে āύ্āϝা⧟āĻŦিāϚাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻļাāϞী āĻšাāϤি⧟াāϰ।


āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–āϝোāĻ—্āϝ āϰিāϟ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞা

  • āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāϚāύী āϏীāĻŽাāύা āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞা – āϝেāĻ–াāύে āύাāĻ—āϰিāĻ•েāϰা āϏāĻŽাāύ āĻ­োāϟাāϧিāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āĻĻাāĻŦি āύি⧟ে āϰিāϟ āĻ•āϰেāύ।

  • āĻŦু⧜িāĻ—āĻ™্āĻ—া āύāĻĻী āĻĻāĻ–āϞ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞা – āĻĒāϰিāĻŦেāĻļāĻŦাāĻĻীāϰা PIL āĻ•āϰে āύāĻĻী āĻĻāĻ–āϞāĻŽুāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāύা āύেāύ।

  • āĻļিāĻ•্āώা āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύে āĻ­āϰ্āϤি āύীāϤি – āĻ…āύেāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ­āϰ্āϤি āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟া āύি⧟ে āϰিāϟ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ।


āφāύ্āϤāϰ্āϜাāϤিāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰেāĻ•্āώাāĻĒāϟ

  • āĻ­াāϰāϤ – āϜāύāϏ্āĻŦাāϰ্āĻĨে āϰিāϟ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻŦāĻšু āϏাāĻŽাāϜিāĻ• āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻāϏেāĻ›ে।

  • āϝুāĻ•্āϤāϰাāϜ্āϝ – āĻāĻ–াāύেāχ āϰিāϟ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āϏূāϚāύা।

  • āφāĻŽেāϰিāĻ•া – āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻ“ āύাāĻ—āϰিāĻ• āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াāϰ āϰāĻ•্āώা⧟ āϰিāϟ āĻ…āϤ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ।

  • āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āĻ…āύেāĻ•াংāĻļে āĻ­াāϰāϤেāϰ āĻ…āύুāϰূāĻĒ।


āϚ্āϝাāϞেāĻž্āϜ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽাāϞোāϚāύা

  • āĻŦিāϚাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰি⧟াāϰ āĻŦিāϞāĻŽ্āĻŦ

  • āĻŽাāĻŽāϞাāϰ āĻ–āϰāϚ

  • āϰা⧟েāϰ āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦা⧟āύ āϘাāϟāϤি

  • āĻ…āύেāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϰিāϟ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ


āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻĻিāĻ•āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāύা

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🏛️  A Complete Overview of a Writ Petition in Bangladesh


Introduction

Bangladesh is a constitutional democracy where the rule of law and the protection of fundamental rights are recognized as the foundation of the state. The Constitution ensures that citizens enjoy certain basic rights, such as freedom of expression, equality before the law, and protection of life and liberty. However, in practice, state authorities or administrative bodies sometimes take actions that violate these rights. In such cases, the most effective remedy available to the citizens is a writ petition under Article 102 of the Constitution of Bangladesh.

A writ petition is not just a regular lawsuit—it is a constitutional safeguard designed to uphold the rights of citizens, ensure accountability of the government, and maintain the spirit of democracy.


Definition of Writ

A writ is a special judicial order issued by the High Court Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh to enforce fundamental rights or to prevent illegal actions of the state. It empowers the judiciary to review executive and administrative decisions and to provide relief to aggrieved citizens.


Types of Writs in Bangladesh

The Constitution of Bangladesh recognizes five major types of writs, each serving a specific purpose:

  1. Habeas Corpus

    • Meaning: “Produce the body.”

    • Purpose: To release a person from unlawful detention.

    • Example: If a citizen is detained without proper legal procedure, their family can file a writ of habeas corpus.

  2. Mandamus

    • Meaning: “We command.”

    • Purpose: To compel a public authority to perform its legal duties.

    • Example: When a government office refuses to provide a legal service, the court may direct it to act.

  3. Certiorari

    • Purpose: To quash or correct an unlawful order given by a lower court or tribunal.

  4. Prohibition

    • Purpose: To stop a lower court or authority from proceeding with an unlawful action.

  5. Quo Warranto

    • Meaning: “By what authority?”

    • Purpose: To challenge the legality of someone holding a public office without proper qualification.


Procedure of Filing a Writ Petition

The process of filing a writ petition is unique and follows constitutional provisions rather than ordinary civil or criminal procedure.

  1. Drafting the Petition – The petitioner prepares a written application through a lawyer.

  2. Preliminary Hearing – The court examines whether the petition is maintainable.

  3. Issuance of Rule Nisi – The High Court issues a notice (rule nisi) to the respondent to show cause.

  4. Hearing – Both parties present arguments.

  5. Final Judgment – The court delivers its ruling and issues necessary directions.


Role of the High Court Division

The High Court Division acts as the protector of fundamental rights. Its role in writ jurisdiction includes:

  • Reviewing administrative actions.

  • Preventing abuse of power by public authorities.

  • Ensuring justice and fair treatment of citizens.

  • Establishing legal precedents for future cases.


Role of the Appellate Division

If any party is dissatisfied with a decision of the High Court Division, they may appeal to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court. The Appellate Division has the final authority to:

  • Review High Court judgments.

  • Modify, affirm, or reverse writ decisions.

  • Deliver landmark rulings that shape constitutional law in Bangladesh.


Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in Writ Jurisdiction

Writ petitions in Bangladesh are not confined to individual grievances. They can also be filed in the public interest. This is known as Public Interest Litigation (PIL).

  • Example: Environmental organizations have filed PILs to protect rivers from encroachment.

  • Example: Citizens have filed PILs to ensure fair elections.

  • PILs play a major role in promoting social justice and upholding democratic values.


Notable Writ Cases in Bangladesh

  1. Delimitation of Constituencies – Citizens have challenged unfair electoral boundaries.

  2. Buriganga River Encroachment – The High Court directed authorities to take action to save rivers.

  3. Educational Admission Policies – Writ petitions have been filed against discriminatory admission rules.


International Perspective

  • India: Writ petitions are widely used, especially in public interest cases. Many landmark PILs have brought social reforms.

  • United Kingdom: The origin of the writ system, developed under common law.

  • United States: Writs, particularly habeas corpus, are central to constitutional rights.

  • Bangladesh: The system largely follows the Indian model but has developed its own distinct features.


Challenges and Criticisms

Despite its importance, the writ system faces several obstacles:

  • Delay in proceedings – Writ petitions often take years to be resolved.

  • High legal costs – Many poor citizens cannot afford to file writs.

  • Implementation gap – Even after favorable rulings, enforcement is sometimes weak.

  • Political misuse – Writ petitions are occasionally filed for political motives.


Future Directions

To make the writ system more effective, several steps can be taken:

  • Digital Courts – Introduction of e-filing and online hearings.

  • Legal Awareness – Educating citizens about their right to file writs.

  • Efficient Case Management – Reducing delays through better judicial procedures.

  • Strong Enforcement Mechanisms – Ensuring government compliance with court orders.


Conclusion

The writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh is a cornerstone of constitutional governance. It ensures that the state remains accountable, protects individual freedoms, and upholds the rule of law. A writ petition is not merely a legal formality—it is a lifeline for democracy.

By strengthening the writ system and promoting public awareness, Bangladesh can ensure that citizens’ rights are not only protected in theory but also enforced in practice.

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