đ️ āĻāĻāĻি āϰিāĻ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞাāϰ āĻāĻĻ্āϝোāĻĒ্āϰাāύ্āϤ
āĻূāĻŽিāĻা
āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļ āĻāĻāĻি āĻāĻŖāϤাāύ্āϤ্āϰিāĻ āϰাāώ্āĻ্āϰ āϝেāĻাāύে āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āύাāĻāϰিāĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ āĻ āϧিāĻাāϰ āϏুāϰāĻ্āώাāϰ āύিāĻļ্āĻā§āϤা āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ āĻāϰেāĻে। āϤāĻŦে āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦে āĻ āύেāĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āύাāĻāϰিāĻেāϰা āĻĒ্āϰāĻļাāϏāύিāĻ āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ, āϏāϰāĻাāϰি āĻāϰ্āĻŽāĻāϰ্āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻāϰ্āĻŽāĻাāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻিংāĻŦা āĻāĻāύāĻāϤ āĻāĻিāϞāϤাāϰ āĻাāϰāĻŖে āϤাঁāĻĻেāϰ āĻ āϧিāĻাāϰ āĻĨেāĻে āĻŦāĻ্āĻিāϤ āĻšāύ। āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĒāϰিāϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāϤে āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ ā§§ā§Ļ⧍ āĻ āύুāĻ্āĻেāĻĻে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāϤ্āϤ āϰিāĻ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞা āĻšāϞো āύাāĻāϰিāĻেāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āϏāĻŦāĻেā§ে āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻāĻāύি āĻ āϏ্āϤ্āϰ। āϰিāĻ āĻļুāϧু āĻāĻāĻি āĻŽাāĻŽāϞা āύā§, āĻŦāϰং āĻāĻি āĻšāϞো āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāϤ্āϤ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻ āϧিāĻাāϰ—āϝাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻāĻāĻāύ āύাāĻāϰিāĻ āϏāϰাāϏāϰি āĻšাāĻāĻোāϰ্āĻ āĻŦিāĻাāĻে āĻিāϝ়ে āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻাāϰ āĻাāĻāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύ।
āϰিāĻেāϰ āϏংāĻ্āĻা
āϰিāĻ (Writ) āĻšāϞো āĻāĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻŦিāĻাāϰিāĻ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāύা, āϝা āĻāĻ্āĻ āĻāĻĻাāϞāϤ āϏāϰāĻাāϰেāϰ āĻোāύো āĻāϰ্āĻŽāĻাāĻŖ্āĻĄ, āĻĒ্āϰāĻļাāϏāύিāĻ āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āĻŦা āύিāĻŽ্āύ āĻāĻĻাāϞāϤেāϰ āĻāĻĻেāĻļ āĻĒāϰ্āϝাāϞোāĻāύা āĻāϰে āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ, āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻŦা āĻাāϰ্āϝāĻāϰ āĻāϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে। āĻŽূāϞāϤ āϰিāĻ āĻšāϞো āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ āĻāĻāύি āĻšাāϤিā§াāϰ āϝা āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āĻ āϧিāĻাāϰ āϰāĻ্āώাā§ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšৃāϤ āĻšā§।
āϰিāĻেāϰ āϧāϰāĻŖ
āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļে āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻ āĻāĻāύেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ্āϝা āĻ āύুāϝাā§ী āϰিāĻ āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻĒাঁāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰেāϰ āĻšā§—
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āĻšেāĻŦিā§াāϏ āĻāϰāĻĒাāϏ (Habeas Corpus)
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āĻ āϰ্āĻĨ: “āĻĻেāĻš āĻāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻāϰ।”
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āĻāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ: āĻŦেāĻāĻāύি āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦা āĻšেāĻĢাāĻāϤ āĻĨেāĻে āĻŽুāĻ্āϤি।
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āĻāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻাāĻāĻে āĻ āĻŦৈāϧāĻাāĻŦে āĻ্āϰেāĻĒ্āϤাāϰ āĻāϰে āĻĻীāϰ্āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāĻāĻ āϰাāĻা āĻšāϞে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰ āϰিāĻ āĻāϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে।
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āĻŽ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄাāĻŽাāϏ (Mandamus)
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āĻ āϰ্āĻĨ: “āĻāĻŽāϰা āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻĻিāĻ্āĻি।”
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āĻāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ: āϏāϰāĻাāϰি āĻāϰ্āϤৃāĻĒāĻ্āώ āϤাāϰ āĻāĻāύাāύুāĻ āĻĻাā§িāϤ্āĻŦ āĻĒাāϞāύ āύা āĻāϰāϞে āĻāĻĻাāϞāϤ āĻāϰ্āϤৃāĻĒāĻ্āώāĻে āĻĻাā§িāϤ্āĻŦ āĻĒাāϞāύেāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻĻেā§।
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āϏাāϰ্āĻিāĻāϰাāϰি (Certiorari)
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āĻāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ: āύিāĻŽ্āύ āĻāĻĻাāϞāϤ āĻŦা āĻāϰ্āϤৃāĻĒāĻ্āώ āĻুāϞāĻাāĻŦে āĻোāύো āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āύিāϞে āϤা āĻŦাāϤিāϞ āĻŦা āϏংāĻļোāϧāύ āĻāϰা।
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āĻĒ্āϰোāĻšিāĻŦিāĻļāύ (Prohibition)
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āĻāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ: āĻোāύো āĻāϰ্āϤৃāĻĒāĻ্āώāĻে āĻŦেāĻāĻāύি āĻĒāĻĻāĻ্āώেāĻĒ āύেāĻā§া āĻĨেāĻে āĻŦিāϰāϤ āϰাāĻা।
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āĻোā§ো āĻā§াāϰাāύ্āĻো (Quo Warranto)
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āĻ āϰ্āĻĨ: “āĻোāύো āĻ্āώāĻŽāϤাāϰ āĻিāϤ্āϤিāϤে?”
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āĻāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ: āϝāĻĻি āĻেāĻ āĻŦেāĻāĻāύিāĻাāĻŦে āĻোāύো āϏāϰāĻাāϰি āĻĒāĻĻে āĻŦāϏে āĻĨাāĻে, āϤাāĻে āĻ্āϝাāϞেāĻ্āĻ āĻāϰা।
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āϰিāĻ āĻĻাāϝ়েāϰেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ্āϰিāϝ়া
āϰিāĻ āĻĻাāϝ়েāϰ āĻāϰা āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞা āĻĻাā§েāϰ āĻāϰাāϰ āĻŽāϤো āύā§; āĻāĻি āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ্āϰিā§া।
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āĻāĻŦেāĻĻāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤুāϤ – āĻāĻāύāĻীāĻŦীāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻāĻāĻি āϞিāĻিāϤ āĻāĻŦেāĻĻāύ āϤৈāϰি āĻāϰা āĻšā§।
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āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĨāĻŽিāĻ āĻļুāύাāύি – āĻšাāĻāĻোāϰ্āĻ āĻŦিāĻাāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽে āĻĻেāĻে āĻāĻŦেāĻĻāύāĻি āĻ্āϰāĻšāĻŖāϝোāĻ্āϝ āĻি āύা।
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āϰুāϞ āĻাāϰি – āĻāĻĻাāϞāϤ āϏংāĻļ্āϞিāώ্āĻ āĻĒāĻ্āώāĻে āĻাāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāϰ্āĻļাāύোāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻĻেā§।
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āĻļুāύাāύি āĻ āϝুāĻ্āϤি āĻāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύ – āĻāĻŦেāĻĻāύāĻাāϰী āĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻĒāĻ্āώ āϝুāĻ্āϤি āĻāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύ āĻāϰেāύ।
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āϰাā§ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ – āĻāĻĻাāϞāϤ āĻূā§াāύ্āϤāĻাāĻŦে āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āĻĻেā§।
āĻšাāĻāĻোāϰ্āĻ āĻŦিāĻাāĻেāϰ āĻূāĻŽিāĻা
āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻšাāĻāĻোāϰ্āĻ āĻŦিāĻাāĻ āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύেāϰ ā§§ā§Ļ⧍ āĻ āύুāĻ্āĻেāĻĻ āĻ āύুāϏাāϰে āϰিāĻ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞাāϰ āĻŽূāϞ āĻŦিāĻাāϰāĻ। āϤাঁāϰা āύাāĻāϰিāĻেāϰ āĻŽৌāϞিāĻ āĻ āϧিāĻাāϰ āϰāĻ্āώা, āϰাāώ্āĻ্āϰীā§ āĻ্āώāĻŽāϤাāϰ āĻ āĻĒāĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϰোāϧ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒ্āϰāĻļাāϏāύিāĻ āĻāĻŦাāĻŦāĻĻিāĻšিāϤা āύিāĻļ্āĻিāϤ āĻāϰেāύ।
āĻāĻĒীāϞ āĻŦিāĻাāĻেāϰ āĻূāĻŽিāĻা
āϝāĻĻি āĻšাāĻāĻোāϰ্āĻ āĻŦিāĻাāĻেāϰ āϰাā§ে āĻোāύো āĻĒāĻ্āώ āĻ āϏāύ্āϤুāώ্āĻ āĻšā§, āϤāĻŦে āϤা āĻāĻĒীāϞ āĻŦিāĻাāĻে āĻ্āϝাāϞেāĻ্āĻ āĻāϰা āϝাā§। āĻāĻĒীāϞ āĻŦিāĻাāĻ āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āϏāϰ্āĻŦোāĻ্āĻ āĻāĻĻাāϞāϤ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻšাāĻāĻোāϰ্āĻেāϰ āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āĻĒāϰ্āϝাāϞোāĻāύা āĻāϰে āĻূā§াāύ্āϤ āϰাā§ āĻĻেā§। āĻ āύেāĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāĻĒীāϞ āĻŦিāĻাāĻ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āϰাā§ āĻĻিā§েāĻেāύ āϝা āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻāĻāύি āĻāϤিāĻšাāϏে āĻĻৃāώ্āĻাāύ্āϤ āϏ্āĻĨাāĻĒāύ āĻāϰেāĻে।
āĻāύāϏ্āĻŦাāϰ্āĻĨে āϰিāĻ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞা (PIL)
āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļে āϰিāĻ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞা āĻļুāϧু āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤি āϏ্āĻŦাāϰ্āĻĨে āύā§, āĻŦāϰং āĻāύāϏ্āĻŦাāϰ্āĻĨে āĻĻাāϝ়েāϰ āĻāϰা āϝাā§।
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āĻāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ: āĻĒāϰিāĻŦেāĻļ āϰāĻ্āώা, āύāĻĻী āĻĻāĻāϞ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāϰোāϧ, āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāĻāύ āĻāĻŽিāĻļāύেāϰ āϏāĻ িāĻ āĻাāϰ্āϝāĻ্āϰāĻŽ āύিāĻļ্āĻিāϤ āĻāϰা।
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PIL āϏāĻŽাāĻে āύ্āϝাā§āĻŦিāĻাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāϰ āĻāĻāĻি āĻļāĻ্āϤিāĻļাāϞী āĻšাāϤিā§াāϰ।
āĻāϞ্āϞেāĻāϝোāĻ্āϝ āϰিāĻ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞা
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āύিāϰ্āĻŦাāĻāύী āϏীāĻŽাāύা āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞা – āϝেāĻাāύে āύাāĻāϰিāĻেāϰা āϏāĻŽাāύ āĻোāĻাāϧিāĻাāϰেāϰ āĻĻাāĻŦি āύিā§ে āϰিāĻ āĻāϰেāύ।
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āĻŦুā§িāĻāĻ্āĻা āύāĻĻী āĻĻāĻāϞ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞা – āĻĒāϰিāĻŦেāĻļāĻŦাāĻĻীāϰা PIL āĻāϰে āύāĻĻী āĻĻāĻāϞāĻŽুāĻ্āϤ āĻāϰাāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāύা āύেāύ।
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āĻļিāĻ্āώা āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύে āĻāϰ্āϤি āύীāϤি – āĻ āύেāĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāϰ্āϤি āĻĒ্āϰāĻ্āϰিā§া āύিā§ে āϰিāĻ āĻāϰা āĻšā§।
āĻāύ্āϤāϰ্āĻাāϤিāĻ āĻĒ্āϰেāĻ্āώাāĻĒāĻ
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āĻাāϰāϤ – āĻāύāϏ্āĻŦাāϰ্āĻĨে āϰিāĻ āĻŽাāĻŽāϞাāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻŦāĻšু āϏাāĻŽাāĻিāĻ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻāϏেāĻে।
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āϝুāĻ্āϤāϰাāĻ্āϝ – āĻāĻাāύেāĻ āϰিāĻ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āϏূāĻāύা।
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āĻāĻŽেāϰিāĻা – āϏংāĻŦিāϧাāύ āĻ āύাāĻāϰিāĻ āĻ āϧিāĻাāϰ āϰāĻ্āώাā§ āϰিāĻ āĻ āϤ্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ।
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āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āĻ āύেāĻাংāĻļে āĻাāϰāϤেāϰ āĻ āύুāϰূāĻĒ।
āĻ্āϝাāϞেāĻ্āĻ āĻ āϏāĻŽাāϞোāĻāύা
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āĻŦিāĻাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ্āϰিā§াāϰ āĻŦিāϞāĻŽ্āĻŦ
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āĻŽাāĻŽāϞাāϰ āĻāϰāĻ
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āϰাā§েāϰ āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦাā§āύ āĻাāĻāϤি
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āĻ āύেāĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āϰিāĻ āϰাāĻāύৈāϤিāĻ āĻāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝে āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻāϰা āĻšā§
āĻāĻŦিāώ্āϝ⧠āĻĻিāĻāύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāύা
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āĻĄিāĻিāĻাāϞ āĻোāϰ্āĻ āĻ āĻ-āĻĢাāĻāϞিং āĻাāϞু āĻāϰা
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āĻāύāϏāĻেāϤāύāϤা āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি
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āĻāĻāύি āϏāĻšাā§āϤা āύিāĻļ্āĻিāϤ āĻāϰা
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āϰাā§েāϰ āĻĻ্āϰুāϤ āĻŦাāϏ্āϤāĻŦাā§āύ
āĻāĻĒāϏংāĻšাāϰ
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đ️ A Complete Overview of a Writ Petition in Bangladesh
Introduction
Bangladesh is a constitutional democracy where the rule of law and the protection of fundamental rights are recognized as the foundation of the state. The Constitution ensures that citizens enjoy certain basic rights, such as freedom of expression, equality before the law, and protection of life and liberty. However, in practice, state authorities or administrative bodies sometimes take actions that violate these rights. In such cases, the most effective remedy available to the citizens is a writ petition under Article 102 of the Constitution of Bangladesh.
A writ petition is not just a regular lawsuit—it is a constitutional safeguard designed to uphold the rights of citizens, ensure accountability of the government, and maintain the spirit of democracy.
Definition of Writ
A writ is a special judicial order issued by the High Court Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh to enforce fundamental rights or to prevent illegal actions of the state. It empowers the judiciary to review executive and administrative decisions and to provide relief to aggrieved citizens.
Types of Writs in Bangladesh
The Constitution of Bangladesh recognizes five major types of writs, each serving a specific purpose:
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Habeas Corpus
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Meaning: “Produce the body.”
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Purpose: To release a person from unlawful detention.
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Example: If a citizen is detained without proper legal procedure, their family can file a writ of habeas corpus.
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Mandamus
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Meaning: “We command.”
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Purpose: To compel a public authority to perform its legal duties.
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Example: When a government office refuses to provide a legal service, the court may direct it to act.
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Certiorari
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Purpose: To quash or correct an unlawful order given by a lower court or tribunal.
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Prohibition
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Purpose: To stop a lower court or authority from proceeding with an unlawful action.
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Quo Warranto
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Meaning: “By what authority?”
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Purpose: To challenge the legality of someone holding a public office without proper qualification.
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Procedure of Filing a Writ Petition
The process of filing a writ petition is unique and follows constitutional provisions rather than ordinary civil or criminal procedure.
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Drafting the Petition – The petitioner prepares a written application through a lawyer.
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Preliminary Hearing – The court examines whether the petition is maintainable.
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Issuance of Rule Nisi – The High Court issues a notice (rule nisi) to the respondent to show cause.
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Hearing – Both parties present arguments.
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Final Judgment – The court delivers its ruling and issues necessary directions.
Role of the High Court Division
The High Court Division acts as the protector of fundamental rights. Its role in writ jurisdiction includes:
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Reviewing administrative actions.
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Preventing abuse of power by public authorities.
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Ensuring justice and fair treatment of citizens.
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Establishing legal precedents for future cases.
Role of the Appellate Division
If any party is dissatisfied with a decision of the High Court Division, they may appeal to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court. The Appellate Division has the final authority to:
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Review High Court judgments.
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Modify, affirm, or reverse writ decisions.
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Deliver landmark rulings that shape constitutional law in Bangladesh.
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in Writ Jurisdiction
Writ petitions in Bangladesh are not confined to individual grievances. They can also be filed in the public interest. This is known as Public Interest Litigation (PIL).
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Example: Environmental organizations have filed PILs to protect rivers from encroachment.
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Example: Citizens have filed PILs to ensure fair elections.
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PILs play a major role in promoting social justice and upholding democratic values.
Notable Writ Cases in Bangladesh
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Delimitation of Constituencies – Citizens have challenged unfair electoral boundaries.
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Buriganga River Encroachment – The High Court directed authorities to take action to save rivers.
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Educational Admission Policies – Writ petitions have been filed against discriminatory admission rules.
International Perspective
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India: Writ petitions are widely used, especially in public interest cases. Many landmark PILs have brought social reforms.
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United Kingdom: The origin of the writ system, developed under common law.
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United States: Writs, particularly habeas corpus, are central to constitutional rights.
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Bangladesh: The system largely follows the Indian model but has developed its own distinct features.
Challenges and Criticisms
Despite its importance, the writ system faces several obstacles:
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Delay in proceedings – Writ petitions often take years to be resolved.
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High legal costs – Many poor citizens cannot afford to file writs.
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Implementation gap – Even after favorable rulings, enforcement is sometimes weak.
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Political misuse – Writ petitions are occasionally filed for political motives.
Future Directions
To make the writ system more effective, several steps can be taken:
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Digital Courts – Introduction of e-filing and online hearings.
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Legal Awareness – Educating citizens about their right to file writs.
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Efficient Case Management – Reducing delays through better judicial procedures.
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Strong Enforcement Mechanisms – Ensuring government compliance with court orders.
Conclusion
The writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh is a cornerstone of constitutional governance. It ensures that the state remains accountable, protects individual freedoms, and upholds the rule of law. A writ petition is not merely a legal formality—it is a lifeline for democracy.
By strengthening the writ system and promoting public awareness, Bangladesh can ensure that citizens’ rights are not only protected in theory but also enforced in practice.
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